The word originates from Greek γράφειν- graphein-meaning 'to write'. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. A related term is ' sgraffito', which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. The term 'graffiti' is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. 'Graffiti' (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form 'graffito' are from the Italian word graffiato ('scratched'). Etymology Ancient graffito in the Kom Ombo Temple, Egypt Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban 'problem' for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities.

Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural). Graffiti (plural singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. ( March 2019) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Īn abandoned roof felt factory with graffiti in Santalahti, Tampere, Finland

Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. It addresses and tries to identify the gaps in the current studies putting a foundation for future studies in this field.This article possibly contains original research. This survey groups a number of published papers based on the Arabic Language Applications (ALP) towards tagging related problems utilized and approaches with the difference between types of tags used. Many AI investigators and researchers have worked and performed POS utilizing various machine-learning methods, such as Hidden-Markov-Model (HMM), Brill, Maximum-Match (MM), decision tree, bee colony, Neural-Network (NN), and other hybrid methods.

This paper aims to survey and gather the most recent research related to Arabic Part of Speech (APoS), pointing to tagger methods used for the Arabic language, which ought to aim to constructing corpus for Arabic tongue. The Arabic language has taken its share of the huge technological explosion that has swept the world, and therefore it needs to be addressed with natural language processing applications and tasks. The Arabic Language is the native tongue of more than 400 million people around the world, it is also a language that carries an important religious and international weight. POS tagging, Arabic language, Machine learning, NLP Abstract Department Computer Science, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

Arabic part of speech tagger